The fallacy of modern science is imprecision in the name of precision. They do not define any term precisely, but give an operational definition, which is subject to change according to the context. Thus, they can use the same term to imply opposite features and make laymen believe that science is super magic and if one believes in God, then He is a magician.

What is space? Both space and time arise from our notions of sequence and interval (paratwaaparatwa). The intervals between ordered sequence of objects is called space and those of events (changes in objects) is called time. Since intervals have no markers to describe them, they are described through the alternative mechanism (vikalpana) of the boundary objects or events. Without boundary objects or events, space or time is meaningless.

Einstein defines space as that which we measure by a measuring rod. But it does not define space. It simply substitutes the word “space” by “which we measure by a measuring rod”. But what it is that is measured? No answer. From this he switches to manifold (such as four dimensional spacetime manifold), which is a collection of points forming a certain kind of set, such as those of a topologically closed surface or an analogue of this in three or more dimensions. This confuses everyone and they continue to extend this to a long array of different spaces and sub-spaces starting with Minkowsky spacetime, De-Sitter space and Hilbert space, etc. in n-dimensions without precisely defining dimension. If they precisely define dimension, all these “theories” including string theory or the other variant M-Theory would fall disgracefully as absurd. ALL modern scientists use these without defining space, time and dimension. If they define these precisely, ALL their theories will fall.

Now the other lie of modern scientists! Space or space-time is NOT expanding, as it is not evident in local scales. It is observable only in galactic cluster scales. Some “scientists” explain this by comparing space with a balloon and the stars and galaxies as rigid spots on it. If the balloon expands, the spots remain fixed – they say. But in that case, the balloon would burst. However, the universe is not bursting. Since space is the interval between objects and is described by the boundary objects only, it was indescribable before structure formation. However, since structure formation was an event, time existed before space. Thus, we can say space is emergent in time (kaalaat vyaapaka uchyate). Thus, time, as we know it, is emergent (aksharaat samjaayate kaalah) from the big-bang or big-bounce (minus its extensions and mathematics).

The fundamental nature of time is cyclic: measuring events from being as cause to becoming as effect, growth through accumulation, transformation through harmonious accumulation, transmutation due to dis-harmonious accumulation, and finally, change of form through disintegration and assimilation with other elements. This continues as a flow – a river flowing towards the sea (nadeeva prabhavaat kaachit). These cycles take two forms: individual (mrityu – death) and universal (yama – big crunch minus mathematics and extensions). The midpoint is the condition of maximum entropy. When all individual cycles become co-terminus at one point, they resemble the state before creation – beyond the quark-gluon plasma, which are derivatives of the primordial soup – but with some inherent instability. This inherent instability generates inertia of motion (vega) that moves at the fastest speed across the expanse in the state of near equilibrium. The background at rest responds by generating inertia of restoration (sthitisthaapaka) that decelerates the inertia of motion through something like a bow-shock effect (a boat being pushed back against its motion due to resistance by river water) to finally bring it to a halt (Maya). This cuts off a big spherical volume (hiranmaya anda), which is closed from the background at its periphery (naimishaaranya). This volume is called the universe (Brahmaanda).

From the boundary of the universe, the impulse of the initial forward motion reverses due to reconnection effect (like that seen behind a boat or in the magnetosphere). This incoming force (dhaaraa) leads to couplings that finally leads to structure creation (Jaayaa), due to accumulation in various proportions. I can describe the detailed mechanism separately. This process repeats continuously leading to slowing down the speed of light over time. This can explain the so-called dark-energy without esoteric and fancy ideas.

Like everything else in the universe, it itself is spinning around its axis. For this reason, the galactic clusters appear to move away from us (red-shift) at times to come closer (blue-shift) at other times, just like planets in the Solar system appear to move fast (atichaara) at times to become retrograde (vakra) at other times. There is no mystery, but lack of mastery in explaining physics.